Chemists, Druggists and Dentists 1780-1983
by Linda Ayres
During the 19th century, Bedford was a thriving centre for highly skilled chemists, druggists, and dentists. These professionals played vital roles in providing essential healthcare services to the local community, contributing significantly to the well-being of the residents during this historically significant era. This period was marked by widespread poverty, making the provision of essential medicines a matter of great concern. Chemists demonstrated a commendable sense of social responsibility at this time by generously providing their services free of charge. Unfortunately, doctors did not extend the same level of support. As a result, many individuals were able to access necessary medications without the need for a prescription, showcasing the remarkable resilience and resourcefulness of the community during this challenging time.
JOHN USHER TAYLOR
One of Bedford’s esteemed chemists was John Usher Taylor, who made significant and impactful contributions to the field of chemistry. John’s dedication to his work left a profound and lasting impact on the community, shaping the course of healthcare in Bedford.
John was born on 18th April 1824, in Potton, Bedfordshire. He was the eldest of two children of Joseph Taylor, a naval officer, and Sarah née Skinner. Joseph and Sarah were married in Potton on 28th May 1821. Both parents had died in Potton by 1834, leaving John and his sister Elizabeth, who was born on 20th May 1826, in the care of their aunt.
Elizabeth Taylor married John Usher (1822-1904), a well-known architect and surveyor in Bedford, in 1848. They had one child, Annie Eliza (1855-1929). Elizabeth died at the age of 31 in Bedford on 29th October 1857 and was buried on 6th November 1857 at Foster Hill Road Cemetery, Grave Ref.B8-49. John and his daughter, Annie Eliza, are buried in the same grave as Elizabeth.
It is possible that John Usher Taylor and John Usher were related, given their similar names, although no records currently exist to confirm this connection. It is worth mentioning however, that John Usher Taylor’s family hailed from Potton and John Usher was born in Blunham, located six only miles away. It is believed they maintained a strong friendship that lasted throughout their lives.
When John was 14 years old, he started a seven-year apprenticeship in Leicester under the guidance of
Mr Dudley, a skilled chemist. During his training John learned how to prepare compounds, identify drugs and their various uses, and effectively dispense complex prescriptions. Unfortunately, after completing three years of his apprenticeship, Mr. Dudley died. John continued his apprenticeship in Bedford under the mentorship of Charles Frederick Palgrave, a distinguished chemist known for his valuable contributions to the community. John lived above the pharmacy on High Street in Bedford with two co-workers, including 25-year-old Henry Stewardson, a qualified chemist. Henry and John eventually became business partners.
In the 1841 census, John was listed as being 15 years old, although he was actually 17. Charles Palgrave resided at Tower Court in the parish of St. Paul’s, Bedford, along with his servants, Rose, aged 30, and Elizabeth Adams, aged 45.
THE PALGRAVE FAMILY, CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS
In 1780, Robert Palgrave assumed ownership of a well-established apothecary business situated at the corner of Castle Lane and the High Street in Bedford. This establishment was subsequently recognised as Robert Palgrave Chemist & Co.
In the Northampton Mercury dated 3rd August 1793, an advertisement announced that Robert Palgrave, a druggist from Bedford, was selling Dr. Lambert Schweitzer’s Nervous and Rheumatic Balsam. He also offered “Albin’s Patent Sweet Acid,” which was praised for enhancing the flavour of punch and lemonade.
This product added a fresh fruit taste and made drinks visually appealing. Additionally, it was helpful in quickly making jellies, cooling sour drinks, and creating a tasty sauce for puddings when mixed with melted butter. (1)
On the 28th February, 1792, Robert Palgrave married Joanna Pierson at St. Paul’s Church in Bedford.
Robert and Joanna had seven children: John Pierson Palgrave (1794-1840); Elizabeth (1795-1797); Charles Frederick (1797-1854); Thomas (1799-1802); Robert Pierson Palgrave (1801-1870); Pierson Palgrave (1803-1818) and James Palgrave (1805-1805). Sadly, four of their seven children died at a young age and were laid to rest at St. Paul’s Churchyard in Bedford. Joanna died in 1805, following the birth of her son James. She was buried at All Saints Churchyard, Kempston, on the 26th June 1805. (2)
After Robert Palgrave retired in 1821, his sons John Pierson Palgrave and Charles Frederick Palgrave took over the family business. (3) They had been actively involved in the business’s operations, working alongside their father since 1814, gaining valuable experience and knowledge in running the enterprise.
John Pierson Palgrave died in 1840 and was buried at All Saints Churchyard in Kempston. Subsequently, Charles assumed sole leadership of the business, demonstrating unwavering determination and purpose in guiding its operations.
Charles Frederick Palgrave was recognized for his distinguished presence and courteous demeanour. He took great pride in his appearance, which reflected his commitment to maintaining a polished image. In accordance with social customs of his time, he frequently positioned himself at the edge of the pavement. This practice allowed him to receive orders and assist the occupants of a ‘landau’, a type of horse-drawn carriage, ensuring a smooth and respectful interaction. (4)
He was renowned for his philanthropic endeavours, especially towards the impoverished. He accumulated significant wealth, a portion of which was invested in arable land in Lidlington, Bedfordshire. (5) He was well-known for his quick temper, especially when dealing with issues involving the Town Council or Harpur Trust. He served as the Mayor of Bedford in 1849 and 1850. He never married. There were stories about his strong reaction to finding a disorganised label drawer, which included him forcefully removing it, kicking it into the air, and then making the responsible person tidy it up more carefully.
POTIONS, LOTIONS, CURES AND MEDICINE
The chemist shop owned by Palgrave had gained widespread recognition for its extensive selection of products and its exceptionally long operating hours, which commenced at 6 a.m. and concluded at 8 p.m., with the possibility of an even earlier start. The store served as a bustling centre of activity, not only manufacturing pills and ointments but also offering an extensive range of goods, including tinctures, perfumes, polishes, lacquers, paints, varnishes, sauces, and even table-ready mustard.
Many of the treatments that were marketed as cures ended up causing more harm than good, resulting in widespread cases of poisoning. For instance, arsenic, once thought to be safe in small amounts, was extensively used in a wide range of products, including face powder, teething products for babies, and rat poison. Arsenic also made its way into various consumables, textiles, medicinal products, and even wallpaper. Furthermore, substances such as cocaine, cannabis and opium (in the form of laudanum) were widely used in medicinal remedies and tinctures.
Palgrave’s Family Cough Lozenges were popular for their soothing and effective qualities. The company also produced four varieties of handcrafted peppermint lozenges and sweets, all of which enjoyed strong sales. Production started at 5 a.m., and John Usher Taylor recalls the hard work he and his apprentice put in before breakfast, especially on Saturdays. The workload increased when making large batches, reflecting their focus on quality. Saturdays saw a high demand for the lozenges, which were popular among churchgoers, creating a noticeable scent in crowded churches. (6) In the 1880s, machinery was used to produce the lozenges, resulting in a superior finish. (7) The production of Palgrave’s cough lozenges was discontinued in 1897.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW CHEMIST’S SHOP
One of Charles Palgrave’s earliest accomplishments was the meticulous planning and construction of a new, modern chemist’s shop to replace the antiquated building that stood on the north side of Castle Lane, bringing a fresh and vibrant look to the area. The ambitious reconstruction of Palgrave’s Chemist took place between 1849 and 1851 under the guidance of Charles. The premises were ideally located on the High Street, featuring an attractive colonnade façade and a spacious three-storey design. It featured four storeys, five expansive cellars, and a three-roomed warehouse, reaffirming its significance in the vicinity. With its strategic location, it offered views of the marketplace and St. Paul’s Church. (8)
The shop offered ample room for retail, while essential facilities included a toilet, a nursery, and a sick room, catering to the needs of customers. In the 1851 census, it was documented that Charles resided above his new chemist on the High Street. His assistant chemist, Henry Stewardson, two apprentices, two servants, his housekeeper, and a porter occupied the same premises.
The building is thought to have been designed by Robert Palgrave (1831-1882), who was the nephew of Charles and trained under architects Scott and Moffatt. (9) In 1857, Robert Palgrave designed the Britannia Works in Bedford, along with the tower and spire of St. Paul’s Church and St. Mary’s Wesleyan Chapel, both located in Bedford. (10)
In 2025, 19 and 21 High Street, Bedford, where the reconstructed chemist’s premises stood, were categorised as Grade II Listed Buildings. The Blue Monk Nepalese & Indian Cuisine Restaurant now occupies the premises.
The Death of Charles Palgrave
On the 5th February 1854, Charles Palgrave died, aged 56,. He was laid to rest near his mother and brother, John, at All Saints Churchyard in Kempston, Bedfordshire.
JOHN USHER TAYLOR’S NEW ENTERPRISE
At 26 years old, John resigned from Palgrave’s and moved to Market Hill, St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, where he successfully launched his chemist shop.
John Usher Taylor recognised the need for quality dental care and hired Dr. Charles Stoddart, a skilled dental surgeon and a member of the College of Dentists. Dr Stoddart practised at 43 Connaught Terrace on Edgware Road in London and travelled to St. Ives every other Monday to provide dental services at John’s Chemist. He offered essential services, including teeth cleanings, tooth extractions, and custom dentures. His work improved oral health in St. Ives and contributed to the community’s overall well-being.
In the 1800s, people cleaned their teeth with water, twigs, or rough cloths instead of toothbrushes. Visiting a dentist was a luxury that many could not afford, so they often resorted to unconventional methods for addressing oral health issues, which included pulling out their own teeth or seeking help from barbers or blacksmiths. Those with toothaches usually turned to remedies like opium syrup, henbane, or marijuana to relieve their pain.
In 1850, John married Sarah in the village of Caxton, Cambridgeshire. Sarah was born in 1817 in Roxton, Bedfordshire, and her christening took place at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Roxton, on 6th April 1817. She was the daughter of John and Ann Ayres. After they married, John and Sarah lived above John’s chemist shop on Market Hill in St. Ives.
MESSRS STEWARDSON AND TAYLOR, CHEMISTS
Following the death of Charles Palgrave, his loyal assistant, Henry Stewardson, took charge and successfully continued the operations of the business. Henry Stewardson was born on the 23rd June, 1813, in Thame, Oxfordshire, and moved to Bedford in 1822. His father, William Stewardson, born in 1776, was buried at St. Peter’s Churchyard on the 4th January 1841. Henry attended Bedford Modern School and Bedford School. Upon leaving school, he began his apprenticeship training under Charles Palgrave.
In 1858, John Usher Taylor decided to close his business in St. Ives and return to Bedford. John joined forces with Henry Stewardson to collectively oversee Palgrave’s Chemist at 19 High Street, marking a new chapter of collaboration and growth for the establishment. (11) After John moved to Bedford, Dr. Stoddart continued to provide dental services at Henry and John’s Chemist on the High Street.
In 1860, Henry Stewardson was appointed Overseer for St. Paul’s Parish. Henry held the position of life governor at the Infirmary and served as the Guardian for St. Cuthbert’s parish from 1866 to 1886. (12) In 1872, he was the Director of the Bedfordshire Permanent Building Society at 34 High Street, Bedford. (13) In 1861, Henry Stewardson lived in the upper rooms above the chemist shop with John Usher Taylor, his wife Sarah, and their three children: Sarah, James Bennett Taylor and Emily Jane.
On the 10th December 1867, Henry married Emma, a widow, at St. Cuthbert’s Church in Bedford. (14) Following their marriage, Emma and Henry took up residence at 5 St. Cuthbert’s Terrace, Bedford.
Emma was born in 1818 in Steeple Bumpstead, Essex. According to the 1871 census, her parents, Mary and Zachariah French, lived in Dancers Hill, South Mims, Hertfordshire. Zachariah farmed 70 acres of land and employed two labourers. Emma’s first husband, James Skikelthorpe, worked as a biscuit agent. The family lived at 9 St. Cuthbert’s Street, where they raised their son, who was also named James and worked as a schoolmaster. James Skikelthorpe Sr. was born on the 21st August 1816, in Middlesex. He died on the 11th August 1866, at their home on Cuthbert’s Terrace in Bedford. His burial took place on the 16th August 1866, at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.F4-32
James Skikelthorpe Jr. was born in 1849 in Dulwich, London. He studied at Bedford Modern School from 1868 to 1874 and then attended Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he earned his B.A. in 1878 and later his M.A. He subsequently worked as a private tutor in Bedford.
James Skikelthorpe died after suffering a long illness on the 4th April 1902, at 5 St. Cuthbert’s Terrace, Bedford, and was buried on 9th April 1902 at Foster Hill Road Cemetery with his mother and stepfather. Grave Ref.F4-48
Death of Henry Stewardson
Henry Stewardson retired aged 53 in April 1866. He died on 24th September 1887, at the age of 74, at his home on St. Cuthbert’s Street. His funeral service was at St. Cuthbert’s Church in Bedford, and his burial took place at Foster Hill Road Cemetery, Grave Ref.F4-48. His wife, Emma, died on 19th August 1900 and is buried in the same grave as Henry.
TAYLOR AND CUTHBERT CHEMISTS
After Henry Stewardson’s retirement, John Mason Cuthbert joined the firm, which was then renamed Taylor and Cuthbert.
John Mason Cuthbert was born on the 23rd October 1823 in Coningsby, Lincolnshire. He was the son of John Cuthbert, a yeoman farmer, and Frances née Mason. His father died at the age of 28 on the 9th September 1825. He was buried at St. Michael and All Angels Churchyard in Coningsby, Lincolnshire.
John completed his apprenticeship with his uncle, Joseph Wright Mason, a chemist in Cirencester. By 1851, he was a skilled dentist specialising in artificial teeth and had developed antiseptic toothpaste as early as 1840. In 1854, John moved to Bedford and took over Thomas Ward’s pharmacy at 10 High Street. The pharmacy sold various health and pharmaceutical products. John also opened a dental practice in the pharmacy. He also sold toothpaste for one shilling and two shillings and sixpence per pot. (15)
On the 30th January, 1855, John married Sarah Stevens at the Parish Church in Cirencester. Sarah was born in 1816 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and was the daughter of Sarah and James Stevens, who owned the Ram Hotel in Cirencester from 1830 to 1861. (16) After their marriage, John and Sarah lived in rooms above the chemist shop at 10 High Street. They had their only child, Sidney, in 1859. By 1861, their household included John’s mother, Frances Mason Cuthbert, a servant and an apprentice chemist.
After forming a partnership with John Usher Taylor, John Mason Cuthbert, his wife, Sarah, and their six-year-old son, Sidney, moved into the living quarters above their business at 19 High Street. (17)
Frances Mason Cuthbert died on 25th August 1871, at the age of 76, at her son’s home, 19 High Street, Bedford. She was buried with her husband at St Michael & All Angels Churchyard in Coningsby, Lincolnshire.
Taylor and Cuthbert maintained their operations at 19 High Street and swiftly developed a strong reputation for their exemplary pharmaceutical services. Recognized as distinguished “Family and Dispensing Chemists,” they were proud members of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (18)
The 1881 census shows that John Cuthbert, a Master Chemist, and his wife Sarah, were still living above the shop at 19 High Street in Bedford. They had a cook, a housemaid, three apprentices, and one chemist assistant working for them.
John Cuthbert joined the Stuart Lodge as a Freemason on 29th September 1858. His dedication and contributions led him to a prominent position in the Provincial Grand Lodge.
John retired in 1882 after a successful career in chemistry and dentistry. Following his retirement, the business retained the name Taylor and Cuthbert. An advertisement that appeared in the Bedford and County Record on 11th January 1898 identifies the firm as “Pharmaceutical Chemists,” with its location listed as 19 High Street, Bedford.
In 1895, John was appointed Justice of the Peace for the Borough in recognition of his public service. He also served as the churchwarden at St. Paul’s Church for thirty-five years.
During his time in Bedford, John held significant positions in the community, serving as a member of the Town Council for three years and as a Governor of the Harpur Trust for six years. Additionally, he contributed several years of service as both a member and chairman of the Burial Board and the House of Industry Directors.
Deaths of John Mason Cuthbert and Sarah Mason Cuthbert
John Mason Cuthbert died on the 1st April 1898 at his home, 35 St. Cuthbert’s Street, Bedford. His funeral service took place at St. Paul’s Church, followed by his burial at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.F4-49. (19)
Sarah Mason Cuthbert died on 17 May 1905 aged 89, at St Barnabas’ House in Wellingborough, the home of her son, the Rev. Sidney Agar Cuthbert. Her funeral service took place at St. Paul’s Church in Bedford, and she was buried alongside her husband, John, in the same grave. (20)
John Usher Taylor’s Final Years
John Usher Taylor was the Mayor of Bedford beginning on the 9th November 1878, after serving on the Town Council and as Chief Magistrate. Due to illness, he was unable to perform his duties for an extended period and passed on responsibilities to Deputy Mayor Alderman Hurst.
John died at 54 on the 28th July 1878 at his home at 10 Kimbolton Road, Bedford, and his burial took place at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.C3-105. (21)
Sarah, the wife of John Usher Taylor, and her brother-in-law, John Usher, were designated as the executors of his will. Sarah died at her home, 10 Goldington Road, Bedford, on the 19thSeptember 1891, at the age of 74. She was buried alongside John.
THE CHILDREN OF SARAH AND JOHN USHER TAYLOR
Sarah and Emily Taylor
Sarah was born in 1851 in St. Ives, Huntingdon. Her sister, Emily Jane, was born in Bedford on 9th July 1859. After their mother died in 1891, Sarah lived at 19 High Street, Bedford. In the 1901 census, Sarah and Emily lived together on Cavendish Road in Matlock, Derbyshire. Both women supported themselves financially.
Sarah later moved to Clovelly Nursing Home on Kedleston Road in Allestree, Derby, where she died on 11 December 1933. Her burial took place at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.C3-113.
In 1939, Emily was living at the “Highfield” Nursing Home, High Street in Harold. She died there at the age of 84 on 12th April 1943. She was buried in the same grave as her sister, Sarah. Grave Ref.C3-113. The Executor of her will was Harry Samuel Brawn
James Bennett Taylor
James Bennett Taylor was born in 1856 in St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, and was the only son of Sarah and John Usher Taylor. Following his father’s death, James assumed control of the family business. He became a qualified Pharmaceutical Chemist and Druggist on 18th July 1879, while living at 19 High Street, Bedford.
In the 1881 census, it is recorded that James served as the head assistant pharmaceutical chemist at Randall and Son’s Pharmaceutical Laboratory, located at 146 High Street in Southampton. He lived in rooms above the business premises, sharing the space with four male assistant druggists.(22)
In 1882, James married Annie Elizabeth Philips Kiddy in Edmonton. Annie, born in 1858 in Belper, Derbyshire, was the daughter of Anne and John Kiddy, a bookseller and accountant.
After their marriage, they moved to 19 High Street in Bedford and had three children: Margaret Winifred (born 22nd December 1886), Constance Annie (born 25th February 1890), and Gladys Florence (born 16th August 1892).
TAYLOR AND BRAWN CHEMISTS
In 1897, James Bennett Taylor expanded the business and made Harry Samuel Brawn, a former apprentice, a partner.
Harry Samuel Brawn was born on 25th January 1873, at Low Farm in Grafham, Huntingdonshire. He was the second of three children born to Louisa Catherine (née Whitmee), who was born in 1848 in Cranfield, Bedfordshire, and Frederick Brawn, who was born in 1838 in Raunds, Northamptonshire.
Harry’s grandfather, Samuel Brawn, was the owner of Low Farm, which spanned 270 acres in Grafham. After Samuel died in 1862, his son Frederick took over the farm, expanding it to 316 acres and employing six men and five boys. Harry grew up there with his older brother, Frederick Hubert born in 1870, and his younger brother, Walter, born in 1875.
The family later relocated to the village of Stoke Goldington in Buckinghamshire. At the age of 14, Harry left school and became an apprentice at Taylor and Cuthbert. Every Monday morning, he would ride his penny-farthing bicycle 22 miles from Stoke Goldington to the chemist located at 19 High Street. He would then make the journey back home every weekend. (23)
In December 1897 John Bennett Taylor and Harry Samuel Brawn decided to relocate their partnership from 19 High Street to 69a High Street. (24) Just a month later, in January 1898, they established another shop at 53 High Street.(25) In 1901, they combined their branches located at 53 High Street and 69a High Street, and expanded by acquiring another branch at 36 St. Peter’s Street.(26)
John Shipley Slipper was a respected dentist and practitioner based in High Holborn, London. In addition to his primary practice, he spent two days a week working with Taylor and Cuthbert at 19 High Street. In 1900, he moved his practice to Taylor and Brawn at 69a High Street, where he held consultations on the first and third Saturdays of each month. (27)
In 1901, James Bennett Taylor, Annie, and their daughters moved to 31 Goldington Avenue. Their eldest daughter, Margaret (Maggie) Winifred, attended Bedford High School but died after a brief illness on 6th June 1901, at 14 years old. Her funeral service took place at Howard Congregational Church in Bedford, followed by her burial at Foster Hill Road Cemetery in Grave Ref.C3-104.
Annie Elizabeth Taylor died at the age of 48 on 15th August 1906, after battling a lengthy illness. She was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery, Grave Ref.C3-112. (28)
Following Anne’s death, James, together with his daughters Constance and Gladys, moved to The Avenue in Flitwick, Bedfordshire, to improve his health. Despite this change, he continued to be actively involved in the company’s affairs.
James Bennet Taylor died on 14th November 1928 at his home on the High Street, Flitwick, at the age of 72. His funeral service took place at Howard Congregational Church, where he had served as a deacon for many years. (29) He was laid to rest in the same grave as Annie at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.C3-112
Gladys Florence Taylor and Constance Annie Taylor both attended Bedford High School. Gladys died in Flitwick on 1st July 1934, at the age of 41. She was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery alongside her sister, Margaret. Grave Ref.C3-104.
Constance died peacefully at age 81 on 27th August 1977, at her home, “Ardluil,” The Avenue, Ampthill, Bedfordshire. Her cremation took place on 1st September 1977. As per her wishes, her ashes were scattered on the graves of her parents, Grave Ref.C3-112 and her sisters, Margaret and Gladys. Grave Ref. C3-104.
The marriage of Harry Samuel Brawn and Lilian Agnes Hewitt
In 1899, Harry married Lilian in Dartford, Kent. Lilian, born in 1879 in Burton-on-Trent, was the daughter of Elizabeth and James Hewitt, who was a lead miner.
According to the 1901 census, Harry’s parents and his brother, Frederick Hubert Brawn, had relocated to Hoo Farm in Cople, Bedfordshire, where his father held the position of tenant farmer. During this period, Harry, his wife, Lilian, and their eight-month-old daughter, Mary Aileen (1900-1944), also resided with them. Subsequently, Harry and Lilian moved above their chemist shop located at 36 St. Peter’s Street in Bedford. The couple later welcomed two additional children: Kathleen Marjorie (1903-1979) and Basil Hewitt Brawn (1908).
Harry’s father, Frederick, died on 26th October 1910, at their home on The Avenue in Flitwick, Bedfordshire. He was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.L-705.
Following Frederick’s death, his wife, Louisa, moved in with her son, Harry, who was living at 81 Goldington Road at the time. Louisa died on 24th January 1931, and her funeral was held at Foster Hill Road Cemetery, Grave Ref.L- 683.
Frederick Hubert Brawn, Harry’s eldest brother, was living in Wootton at the time of his marriage. He married Alice Deverell on 22nd April 1908, at St. Barnabas Church in Linslade.
Frederick died at Bedford County Hospital on 2nd April 1926. He was laid to rest at Foster Hill Road Cemetery, in Grave Ref.L-705.
Following his death, Alice relocated to Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire, where she subsequently died on 8th December 1951 at the age of 70. Her death was registered under the name Alys Brawn, reflecting an alternative spelling. She was laid to rest with Frederick. Grave Ref.L-705
TAYLOR, BRAWN AND FLOOD, CHEMISTS
In 1905, Harry Samuel Brawn partnered with Frank Flood to establish a successful business. Their partnership was rooted in the shared experiences they gained during their apprenticeships at Taylor and Cuthbert. Both men lived in accommodations above their business premises at 19 High Street in Bedford.
Frank Flood was born on 23rd April 1872, in Woburn, Bedfordshire. He was the only child of Sarah née Meagre (1844-1933), who was born in Great Brickhill, Buckinghamshire, and Charles Flood (1828-1912), who was originally from Edinburgh. Charles and Sarah were married in 1868 in Newport Pagnell.
In the 1871 census, Charles Flood was recorded as living at Woburn Abbey and working as an under butler. Over time, he was promoted to butler, ultimately taking sole responsibility for the Abbey’s priceless silver and gold plate. (30)
Frank Flood started school at the age of three on 26th April 1875, at Woburn Free School before attending Bedford Modern School. In 1899, Frank successfully passed the late preliminary examination of the Pharmaceutical Society. (31)
Frank served as a Private in the Kimberley Town Guard during the Siege of Kimberley, which lasted from 14th October 1899 to 15th February 1900. The Kimberley Town Guard was a civilian defence force established in October 1899 to protect the city from a potential Boer attack. By 26th November the guard had significantly expanded, comprising 130 officers, 2,529 non-commissioned officers, and enlisted men, enabling them to play a vital role in maintaining order and safeguarding the community during this uncertain time. (32)
Frank received a silver medal from the Mayor of Kimberley in recognition of his five months of service. The medals were awarded in South Africa on 14th April 1901. Each medal had a star-shaped design, featuring the arms of Kimberley, the town’s name, and the dates 1899-1900 on the front. The back was inscribed with “Mayor’s Siege Medal 1900.”(33)
After returning to England, Frank lived at 8 Windmill Hill Lane, Derbyshire, while working as a chemist’s assistant. By 1905, he had relocated to Bedford and formed a partnership with Harry Samuel Brawn.
On 4th July 1907, Frank Flood married Ethel at St. Peter’s Church in Bedford. Ethel was born on 30th September 1884. She was one of six children of Emma Catherine née Rutty, and Frederick George Marks. Frederick Marks was a successful master tailor. By 1881, he employed five men, one woman, and one boy. In 1891, Frederick and his family moved from 3 Offa Street to 8 De Parys Avenue in Bedford. The 1901 census shows that Frederick worked as a tailor and shoe seller. During the First World War Emma Marks was a volunteer for the Red Cross. She was also a collector for the County Hospital. Frederick Marks died on 28th August 1922, aged 73, and was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Emma died on 29th May 1936, at the age of 90, at 8 De Parys Avenue. Her funeral service was held at St. Peter’s Church, and she was buried in the same grave as Frederick in Grave Ref.F3-51.
Ethel attended Bedford Girls’ Modern School from 1893 to 1901. In 1946, the school underwent a name change and became Dame Alice Harpur School. In 2009, Dame Alice School merged with Bedford High School to form the Bedford Girls’ School.
Taylor, Brawn and Flood underwent rapid expansion, establishing branches at 16 Bromham Road and setting up warehouses on Howard Street in Bedford by 1905. (34) In January 1907, a new branch was opened at 1 Stuart Road in Kempston, significantly expanding services to the local community. (35)
In March 1907, the local council officially approved the construction of an Aerated Water Factory, a project led by Messrs. Taylor, Brawn, and Flood, located on Stuart Road. This innovative facility aimed to enhance the production of aerated water, a popular beverage known for its refreshing qualities and health benefits.
The factory utilised advanced manufacturing techniques to enhance efficiency and increase production, thereby meeting the growing demand of consumers. This state-of-the-art production centre aimed to establish the town as a leader in beverage manufacturing, boosting economic development and creating jobs in the community. (36)
The factory was located behind the chemist’s shop at the intersection of Bedford Road and Stuart Road. It had a modern gas engine that powered advanced machinery, especially an aerating machine known for its efficiency and innovation.
The aeration process channels gas from cylinders into a purification container, where the cleaned gas is mixed with water using pure tin pipes. An automatic regulator provides precise operational control.
The aerated water fills siphons, bottles with ball stoppers, and corked bottles, creating high-quality beverages like lemonade, banana squash, and dry ginger ale to meet diverse consumer preferences. (37)
In 1910, Taylor, Brawn and Flood launched their new photography department. They advertised the “Ensignette” camera, one of the best vest pocket cameras, complete with a leather case, for 30 shillings.
(38) The Ensignette camera, patented in 1907 and produced starting in 1909, was the first compact and affordable camera, making photography accessible to the average person.
In 1909, the company was officially established as Taylor, Brawn, and Flood Ltd, operating as a private limited liability company. (39) During the Christmas season of 1917, they obtained a temporary location that had previously been occupied by the West End Clothing Company, located at the corner of Mill Street and 71 High Street. (40)
By 1922, they established a mineral water factory on Lurke Street and a photography store on Mill Street.
(41) On 22nd July 1922, The Bedfordshire Times and Independent announced a project by Taylor, Brawn, and Flood. They will take photographs of people in public spaces and award the person with the happiest smile with goods worth 10 shillings (50p). The winning photograph will be displayed in their shop window on Mill Street. (42)
In 1927, Taylor Brawn and Flood established a new management team comprising four directors. This board helped guide the organisation by leveraging its diverse skills and knowledge. Their goal was to enhance the company’s operations and support growth, thereby helping Taylor Brawn and Flood succeed in a competitive market.
The members of the board
William Lea Newton, born in 1870, was an accountant and became Managing Director. He died in
October 1934 and was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on the 30th of that month. Grave Ref.D1-76.
After William’s death, his son Herbert Roff Newton (F.C.I.S.), a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries and a Justice of the Peace, took control. Herbert was born on 10th July 1900 and died in 1973. His remains were cremated and buried on 22nd May 1974, alongside his parents. Grave Ref.D1-76
William’s co-director, Sidney Robinson, was an engineer with a Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.) and a former student of Bedford School. He was born in 1892 and died on 12th September 1954. He was buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on 16th September. Grave Ref.F7-208.
Charles Robert Handscomb was born in 1901. He was the Chairman of the Bedfordshire Pharmaceutical Committee and a trustee of St. Paul’s Methodist Chapel. He died on May 20, 1985. His cremation took place at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on 24th May and his remains were interred in the Garden of Remembrance. A memorial plaque in his honour is on the West Wall. W11
In 1928, Taylor, Brawn, and Flood acquired the Sandy branch on High Street from Mr. William Henry Scott, a chemist.(43) In 1946, Eardley Edward Russell (1897–1963) acquired the Sandy branch of Taylor, Brawn, and Flood. (44) In 1936 they operated a mineral factory on Lurke Street (45).
The branch located at 1a Mill Street, specialised in cameras, photographic supplies, cine cameras, and projectors. In 1937, the building underwent significant demolition and reconstruction, and it was subsequently managed under the name Taylor, Brawn, and Flood.
Taylor, Brawn, and Flood operated until December 1983, when they encountered significant financial difficulties and ultimately entered liquidation, marking the end of their business activities. By 1985, a company called Medimax Chemists had taken over the premises at 71 High Street, Bedford. (46)
The deaths of Frank Flood and Ethel Flood
Frank Flood died at the age of 72 on 6th April 1948, at his residence at 64 Chaucer Road, Bedford. His cremation took place at the Cambridge Crematorium. On 12th April 1948, his remains were buried at Foster Hill Road Cemetery beneath a commemorative plaque dedicated to him, which is situated on the circular wall opposite the main entrance of the chapel. Grave Ref.CW-11.
Ethel Maud Flood died on 11th January 1973, aged 88, at 182 Kimbolton Road in Bedford. She was cremated at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on 16th January 1973, and her ashes were buried next to Frank’s on 24th January 1973. Her name is inscribed on her husband’s plaque.
THE CHILDREN OF ETHEL AND FRANK FLOOD
Ethel and Frank had three children: Monica Mary, 1909-1983, Joan, 1912-1978, and Frederick Charles, 1922-1986.
Monica Mary Flood attended Bedford High School. In 1931, she received an Academic Diploma in Biology with distinction. (47)
On 11th March 1939, Monica married Robert Fleming, a resident of Calcutta, in a ceremony held at St. Peter’s Church in Bedford. Robert Fleming was the second son of Mr. and Mrs. Alex Fleming of Forest Hill, London. In 1933, Robert Fleming, a 21-year-old clerk, was a first-class passenger aboard the steamship Dumana, travelling to Calcutta (now known as Kolkata). His address in England was 50 Mark Lane, London E.C.3. (48)
Following their marriage, Robert and Monica relocated to Calcutta. Their son, Colin Robert Fleming, was born on 27th February 1941, in Bengal, India. His christening took place the next day, on 28th February 1941, also in Bengal. Christine Mary Fleming was born on 24th August 1943, and was christened on 6th September 1943, in Calcutta, India. Stephen Alexander Fleming was born on 17th October 1945, and his christening took place on 1st November 1945, in Abbottabad, Bengal, India.(49)
In 1950, Robert, Monica, and their three children returned to England and moved into the Old Rectory in Bletsoe, which had eight bedrooms, three reception rooms, and three bathrooms.
Monica often drove Robert’s car when she returned to England, as very few women of that era had learned to drive. In September 1961, while driving Robert’s Jaguar on Mill Street in Bedford, Monica was involved in an accident when another vehicle pulled out from parked cars and collided with the Jaguar. The damage amounted to £17.14s and 14 pence. The other driver apologized and promised to cover the repair costs. However, after Robert sent several payment requests, he still did not receive any money. Consequently, Robert had to take the matter to court, where the Deputy Registrar ruled in his favour and ordered the driver to pay for the damages. The other driver did not appear in court.(50)
Monica Mary Flood died on 21st June 1983, at The Mews, Gayhurst Court, Newport Pagnell. She was cremated at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on 27th June. Her ashes were buried on 4th July. Grave Ref.CW-11. Monica is remembered at the memorial dedicated to her parents.
Joan Flood attended Bedford High School. After leaving school she enrolled at the University of London, where she earned a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in Chemistry, achieving a classification of Second Class Upper Division. (51)
Joan died on 18th August 1978, at Flat 18, Gayhurst House, Newport Pagnell. She was cremated at Foster Hill Road Cemetery on 24th August 1978, and her remains were buried on 19th September. Grave Ref.CW-11. Joan is remembered on her parents’ memorial plaque.
The Deaths of Harry Samuel Brawn and Lilian Brawn
Harry Samuel Brawn dedicated thirty years as a partner in the company, eventually assuming the role of chairman. After forty-two years of active involvement, he retired in 1929, leaving behind a strong legacy.
Harry moved to 81 Goldington Road, Bedford, where he died on 2nd December 1956 at the age of 83. His cremation took place on 5th December at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. The following day his remains were buried next to the curved wall. Grave Ref.CW-10 A memorial dedicated to Harry was placed on the curved wall in front of the chapel at Foster Hill Road Cemetery.
Lilian Brawn died peacefully on 10th September 1961, at the age of 83, at 36 Highbury Grove, Clapham. Her cremation took place on 13th September at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Her remains were buried the following day alongside Harry’s. Her name is inscribed on Harry’s memorial.
THE CHILDREN OF HARRY SAMUEL BRAWN AND LILIAN AGNES BRAWN
Kathleen Marjorie Brawn was born on 17th August 1903. She married William Herbert Hills on 27th November 1929, at St. Cuthbert’s Church in Bedford. After their marriage, they relocated to 18 Crabtree Road in Camberley, Surrey. William died at their home on 27th March 1968.
Kathleen died at the age of 75 in February 1979. After her cremation, her ashes were conveyed to Foster Hill Road Cemetery and buried on 19th April next to her parents. Grave Ref.CW-10, located at the circular wall opposite the main entrance of the chapel in the cemetery.
Mary Aileen Brawn, also known as Molly, was a qualified chemist who worked in several pharmacies owned by Taylor Brawn and Flood. She married Frederick Thomas West on 22nd September 1924 at St. Cuthbert’s Church in Bedford. They had two daughters, Margaret E., born in 1925, and Audrey, who was born in January 1932 but sadly died at three days old. Her burial took place on 28th January 1932 at Foster Hill Road Cemetery. Grave Ref.L693/705.
Mary had a heart condition and had undergone surgery. After her surgery, she moved in with her parents at 81 Goldington Road to recover. Sadly, she died suddenly on 16th September 1944, at the age of 44. Her funeral service took place at Christ Church in Bedford. Mary’s burial took place in the same grave as her grandmother, Louisa Catherine Brawn. Grave Ref.L-683.
Basil Hewitt Brawn was born on 16th May 1907. At the age of three, Basil attended Bedford Kindergarten School. Basil married Irene Elizabeth Sharpe at St. Leonard’s Church, Bedford, on 27th February 1932. Basil eventually moved to Wellingborough, where he founded his own business, B. H. Brawn and Co., Ltd., a plastics manufacture based at College Street, Wellingborough.
Basil died in 1965, at the age of 58, at 112 Northampton Road, Wellingborough.(52) His wife, Irene, died in Wellingborough in 1972
Basil’s descendants continued the family business of B. H. Brawn & Co., which has since evolved into a highly successful manufacturing company. By 1994, the company had developed aviation fuel testing equipment and received the British Standard certification for “Quality Systems” (BS5750). At that time, B. H. Brawn & Co. operated from locations on Bradfield Close and College Street in Wellingborough.
Today, B. H. Brawn & Co. Ltd. continues to manufacture products at the Finedon Road Industrial Estate and remains under the ownership of Basil’s descendants.
STRANGE CURES
While working as an apprentice at Taylor and Cuthbert, Harry found a parcel of millipedes (woodlice) in the warehouse. When bruised and mixed with wine, these millipedes were believed to aid in the treatment of dropsy (oedema). He also provided henbane seeds, which were placed on a heated copper coin. People inhaled the smoke from this method to remove maggots from their gums and relieve pain. Food or water contaminated with fly eggs or larvae could cause maggots in the mouth.
In the past, people have used traditional remedies to address various health issues. One such remedy involved using fresh cow manure as a poultice. Another remedy included extracting oil from roasted hedgehogs to treat occasional deafness. There was also a request over the chemist’s counter for syrup derived from foxes’ lungs to treat asthmatic and bronchial complaints. (53)
Researched by Linda S Ayres
Photography Colin Woolf
I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to Colin Woolf for his valuable assistance.
Sources:
(1) Northampton Mercury May 3rd 1806
(2) St. Paul’s Church Birth , Marriage and Death Records.
(3) Northampton Mercury 10th November 1821
(4) Harry Samuel Brawn. Bedford Times and Standard 20th August 1954
(5) Bedfordshire Mercury 18th February 187. Page 4
(6) Bedfordshire Times and Independent 20th August 1954.Page 9 Those Cough Lozenges.
(7) Bedfordshire Times and Standard 4th November 1949. Page 8
(8) Bedfordshire Times and Standard 20th August 1954. Pg 9. A Notable Family.
(9) Secret Bedford. Author Paul Adams, 2018
(10) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 8th July 1882.
(11) Bedfordshire Mercury, 23rd November 1861
(12) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent 1st October 1887.Pg 8 Orbit
(13) The Bedfordshire Mercury. 24th February 1872. Page 5.
(14) Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 14th December 1867. James Skikelthorp Death.
(15) Bedford Times. 4th August 1860. John Mason Cuthbert first years in Bedford.
(16) The Salisbury and Winchester Journal. 3rd February 1855.
(17) The Bedford Times. 19th May 1866. Page 1.
(18) The Bedfordshire Times and Standard. 20th August 1954. Pg 9.
(19) The Ampthill and District News. 9th April 1899.
(20) Bedfordshire Mercury. 19th May 1905. Page 5.
(21) Luton Reporter. 3rd August 1878. Page 4
(22) The Weekly Hampshire Independent. 12th July 1879. Page 4
(23) Old Bedford Business. The Bedfordshire Times and Standard. 20th November 1959. Page 14.
(24) The Ampthill and District News. 24 the December 1897.
(25) The Ampthill and District News. 29th January 1898.
(26) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 5th April 1901 . Page 4
(27) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 14th September 1900.
(28) The Bedfordshire Mercury. 24th August 1906. Page 3.
(29) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 16th November 1928. Page 9.
(30) Woburn. Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 27th September 1912.Page 5.
(31) The Leighton Buzzard Observer. 29th January 1889. Page 5
(32) Anglo Boer War.com
(33) “Honour to Whom Honour is Due” Leighton Buzzard Observer. 21st May 1901. Page 5.
(34) Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 16th June 1905.
(35) Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 1st February 1907. Page 2.
(36) Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 1st March 1907. Page 5
(37) The Mineral Works. The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 19th July 1907. Page 3.
(38) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 15th July 1910. Page 12.
(49) Chemists since the Reign of George the Third. The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 21st April 1939. Page 11.
(40) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 20th December 1917. Page 4.
(41) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 17th March 1922. Page 3.
(42) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 21st July 1922. Page 3.
(43) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 30th November 1928. Page 5.
(44) The Biggleswade Chronical and Bedfordshire Gazette. 29th March 1946.
(45) The Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 21st February 1936.
(46) Bedfordshire on Sunday. 11th December 1983.
(47) “Bedford High School Speech Day” Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 11th December 1931.
(48) Passenger List from 1890-1960.
(49) Parish Register Transcripts of the Presidency of Bengal
(50) Bedfordshire times and independent. 22nd September1961. Page 14
(51) Bedfordshire Times and Independent. 13th December 1935.
(52) Northampton Evening Telegraph. 5th March 1966.
(53) In the Bedfordian Diary. Weird Remedies. The Bedfordshire Times and Standard. 12th November 1954. Page 11
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